Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Progressive Era Foreign Policy Acts

Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912

· Before the Wilson administration had Congress repeal it, this act allowed American shippers to use the Panama Canal without paying the tolls required of other nations.

· It was making Britain angry, and Wilson was an anti-imperialist, so the act was repealed in 1914.


Jones Act of 1916

· Finally, the US does something reasonable in the Philippines!

· Philippines granted territorial status

· Independence will be given when a “stable government” is set up. This happened 30 years after this act was passed on July 4, 1946.

The Wilson Administration is behind the repeal of the Tolls Act and the passage of the Jones Act as Wilson was an anti-imperialist (for the most part, but hey, who’s perfect? Excepting Chuck Norris.)


Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Progressive Era Conservation/Land Use Acts

Desert Land Act of 1877

· Gave cheap dry land to those who could irrigate it successfully within three years


Forest Reserve Act of 1891

· President is allowed to set aside forests as national parks and the like to preserve them


Carey Act of 1894

· Gave states some federal land if the state promised to water and populate it

Newlands Act of 1902

· Allows the federal government to use money from the sale of western land to fund irrigation projects



Pictures: http://tinyurl.com/6848wk6

http://tinyurl.com/49qm4h2

http://tinyurl.com/4sns3dh

http://tinyurl.com/4scj2mt

A Quick and Clever Guide to Progressive’s Varied Views on Conservation

Alas! Two star-crossed lovers meet! I mean… the progressives were a generally happy family but had two different views about nature conversation. You could even say these views were feuding. Their names were Beauty and Use. Beauty was obsessed with herself. She wanted nature to exist simply because she felt that when she looked into nature’s dreamy eyes (which were not quite so dreamy as a progressive’s eyes) she looked into a mirror. She couldn’t help but bawl her eyes out every time she thought of nature being used for anything but a perfect mirror of her. Use, on the other hand, was a rather more practical fellow. He wanted to keep nature beautiful, of course, but he wasn’t overly concerned with that. Without destroying nature’s loveliness, he hypothesized cleverly, I can exploit its resources for my own good. And thus were the Progressives divided. Many sided with Beauty, many sided with Use, and this division eventually lead to the death of Romeo and Juliet. I mean, a split in the Progressive vote. The End.

New Federal Agencies

Women’s Bureau, 1920 & Children’s Bureau, 1912

· These were “wedge organizations” that gave women a place on the national stage.

· Women could now find somewhere to belong within the federal government, an important step.


Federal Trade Commission, 1914

· President could now appoint a committee to investigate all industries involved in interstate commerce.

· Created as a monopoly strangler, meant to kill “unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery.”



Federal Reserve, 1913

· Decentralized, government controlled bank.

· Nation is divided into 12 districts each with a central bank

· Issued paper money, “Federal Reserve Notes” on commercial paper so that currency could be circulated quickly when need be



Federal Farm Loan Act, 1916

· Farmers get credit at low interest rates

· How populist!


Amendments to the Constitution

16th Amendment, 1913

· Allows Congress to levy an income tax


17th Amendment, 1913

· Senators are elected directly

· Arose from progressive pressures that said the “Millionaires’ Club” was controlling the government

· Attempt to give power back to the people


18th Amendment, 1919

· Makes prohibition a national law

· Pushed through by women who believed that alcohol was evil, evidence of women’s growing political influence



19th Amendment, 1920

· Women are given the vote at long last!

· All that campaigning finally paid off



Protecting Workers

La Folette Seaman’s Act of 1915

· “Required decent treatment and a living wage on American merchant ships” as sailors had traditionally been sorely mistreated.

· Unfortunately raised freight rates because the crew’s pay had to go up.


Worker’s Compensation Act of 1915

· Gave assistance to federal civil-service employees when they were disabled



Anti-Trust

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

· Did not distinguish between “good” trusts and “bad” trusts with its regulations

· Prohibited “combinations in restraint of trade”

· “Bigness” was what was wrong with the trusts, not “badness”

· Although it didn’t mean to, the loose wording of the law allowed it to “curb labor unions…deemed to be restraining trade.”


Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914

· This was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act on steroids.

· Expanded on the Sherman Act’s list of unacceptable business practices to include “price discrimination and interlocking directorates”

· Fixed the problems in the Sherman Act allowing labor unions to be put down, tried to get labor and agricultural organizations out of the law’s reach

· Specifically allowed strikes and peaceful picketing.


Pictures: http://tinyurl.com/4zjxl8e
http://tinyurl.com/4vqoxcj

Food Safety

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

· Meat that was traveling between states would be inspected by federal agents “from corral to can.”

· Passed after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle was published.

· In response to The Jungle Roosevelt sends a commission to inspect Chicago’s meat packing factories, and what was found was so disgusting that the act was a shoe-in.


Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

· This was the Meat Inspection Act’s younger best friend.

· “Designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.”

Pictures: http://tinyurl.com/4ks828e

http://tinyurl.com/meatinspection

Monday, February 28, 2011

Railroads

Elkins Act of 1903

· This act "was aimed primarily at the rebate evil."

· Shippers who accepted rebates and railroads who offered them could now be severely fined

· Passed by Congress during TR's administration.

· First railroad legislation with real power; the Interstate Commerce Commission (created in 1887) was not doing any good because railroad barons took the cases brought against them to federal courts because it could take up to 10 years.

Hepburn Act of 1906

· Cracked down on "free passes" for railroads, often used for bribes.

· Made the Interstate Commerce Commission more powerful and was now legalized to dictate policies of "express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines."

· ICC could now "nullify existing [railroad] rates and stipulate maximum rates."


Pictures:

http://tinyurl.com/4jmp95w

http://tinyurl.com/6bk8rok

Sunday, January 30, 2011

State of the Union

I cut some (lots) of text out because the post was so long. I think I hit the bulk of American Exceptionalism, though.

Remarks by the President in State of Union Address

United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.

9:12 P.M. EST

THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, members of Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow Americans:

Tonight I want to begin by congratulating the men and women of the 112th Congress, as well as your new Speaker, John Boehner. (Applause.) And as we mark this occasion, we’re also mindful of the empty chair in this chamber, and we pray for the health of our colleague -- and our friend -– Gabby Giffords. (Applause.)

It’s no secret that those of us here tonight have had our differences over the last two years. The debates have been contentious; we have fought fiercely for our beliefs. And that’s a good thing. That’s what a robust democracy demands. That’s what helps set us apart as a nation.

But there’s a reason the tragedy in Tucson gave us pause. Amid all the noise and passion and rancor of our public debate, Tucson reminded us that no matter who we are or where we come from, each of us is a part of something greater -– something more consequential than party or political preference.

We are part of the American family. We believe that in a country where every race and faith and point of view can be found, we are still bound together as one people; that we share common hopes and a common creed; that the dreams of a little girl in Tucson are not so different than those of our own children, and that they all deserve the chance to be fulfilled.

That, too, is what sets us apart as a nation. (Applause.)

Now, by itself, this simple recognition won’t usher in a new era of cooperation. What comes of this moment is up to us. What comes of this moment will be determined not by whether we can sit together tonight, but whether we can work together tomorrow. (Applause.)

…..

So, yes, the world has changed. The competition for jobs is real. But this shouldn’t discourage us. It should challenge us. Remember -– for all the hits we’ve taken these last few years, for all the naysayers predicting our decline, America still has the largest, most prosperous economy in the world. (Applause.) No workers -- no workers are more productive than ours. No country has more successful companies, or grants more patents to inventors and entrepreneurs. We’re the home to the world’s best colleges and universities, where more students come to study than any place on Earth.

What’s more, we are the first nation to be founded for the sake of an idea -– the idea that each of us deserves the chance to shape our own destiny. That’s why centuries of pioneers and immigrants have risked everything to come here. It’s why our students don’t just memorize equations, but answer questions like “What do you think of that idea? What would you change about the world? What do you want to be when you grow up?”

The future is ours to win. But to get there, we can’t just stand still. As Robert Kennedy told us, “The future is not a gift. It is an achievement.” Sustaining the American Dream has never been about standing pat. It has required each generation to sacrifice, and struggle, and meet the demands of a new age.

And now it’s our turn. We know what it takes to compete for the jobs and industries of our time. We need to out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world. (Applause.) We have to make America the best place on Earth to do business. We need to take responsibility for our deficit and reform our government. That’s how our people will prosper. That’s how we’ll win the future. (Applause.) And tonight, I’d like to talk about how we get there.

The first step in winning the future is encouraging American innovation. None of us can predict with certainty what the next big industry will be or where the new jobs will come from. Thirty years ago, we couldn’t know that something called the Internet would lead to an economic revolution. What we can do -- what America does better than anyone else -- is spark the creativity and imagination of our people. We’re the nation that put cars in driveways and computers in offices; the nation of Edison and the Wright brothers; of Google and Facebook. In America, innovation doesn’t just change our lives. It is how we make our living. (Applause.)

Our free enterprise system is what drives innovation. But because it’s not always profitable for companies to invest in basic research, throughout our history, our government has provided cutting-edge scientists and inventors with the support that they need. That’s what planted the seeds for the Internet. That’s what helped make possible things like computer chips and GPS. Just think of all the good jobs -- from manufacturing to retail -- that have come from these breakthroughs.

Half a century ago, when the Soviets beat us into space with the launch of a satellite called Sputnik, we had no idea how we would beat them to the moon. The science wasn’t even there yet. NASA didn’t exist. But after investing in better research and education, we didn’t just surpass the Soviets; we unleashed a wave of innovation that created new industries and millions of new jobs.

…..

Along with others, he began drilling a 2,000-foot hole into the ground, working three- or four-hour -- three or four days at a time without any sleep. Thirty-seven days later, Plan B succeeded, and the miners were rescued. (Applause.) But because he didn’t want all of the attention, Brandon wasn’t there when the miners emerged. He’d already gone back home, back to work on his next project.

And later, one of his employees said of the rescue, “We proved that Center Rock is a little company, but we do big things.” (Applause.)

We do big things.

From the earliest days of our founding, America has been the story of ordinary people who dare to dream. That’s how we win the future.

We’re a nation that says, “I might not have a lot of money, but I have this great idea for a new company.” “I might not come from a family of college graduates, but I will be the first to get my degree.” “I might not know those people in trouble, but I think I can help them, and I need to try.” “I’m not sure how we’ll reach that better place beyond the horizon, but I know we’ll get there. I know we will.”

We do big things. (Applause.)

The idea of America endures. Our destiny remains our choice. And tonight, more than two centuries later, it’s because of our people that our future is hopeful, our journey goes forward, and the state of our union is strong.

Thank you. God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America. (Applause.)

Much thanks to this website: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/25/remarks-president-state-union-address for the text.

Tuesday, September 28, 2010

Colonial Women, and their Colonial Activities

Hello peoples! If you wish to get the most out of this blog post, you may want to skim my sources a bit. Most of them say things you already know, because it was the usual as far as women go: be modest, take care of the home, be a good wife (or a Goodwife). Republican motherhood is new, and might throw you for a loop, but don't worry! It's a simple concept which I will explain.

Women were often burdened down with clothing, as we shall soon see. I would ask for no comments about the first picture, but seeing as we are all hooligans, I’m not going to demand it.

This is a pretty awesome website indeed. Look through the pictures in this link, they're great. Roll over the articles of clothing to hear about them.

http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/dressup/1770_woman.html


My oh my! People didn’t make those clothes did they? What about WalMart?

Everybody helped make clothing, even boys and men.

What a sweet little colonial couple we have here! Look at that beautiful young lady! I bet she'll make a good wife. Hmm? a Goodwife, you say? Why, of course! In fact, that’s what we’ll call her, because that is the most important thing about her.

http://www.helium.com/items/361484-Colonial-Early-American

http://www.shireattire.com/Wedding.html



Women sewing at the Geddy House
As usual, women had a great deal of “homework” to do.
Image 06
A “republican mother”? Why, I have never heard of such! Educating women to educate their children as little models of virtue, eh? Sounds like a good way to increase women’s rights without anybody really realizing it.

Alright, here we go. Republican motherhood arose as an ideal after the new nation was formed. Women were given education, at least to some degree, because they were the ones who would be educating the next generation of "virtuous citizens" in the new American Republic. Women had to be educated so that they could educate their sons to be good voters.
A quilting bee! What a blast! We’ll all have lots of fun at this incredibly important colonial social gathering.

People really came together for this, men and women alike. They were often followed by square dances and other activities of general merriment, so people had fun while they got things done. And yes, that is a fantastic rhyme.


Hominy making
Hominy yummm…
This is what was for dinner for most of the people in the colonies. Richer folk in the more English areas had English food to eat, and they had either cooks or slaves to make it for them. The majority of people lived day to day and ate things like this, cooked together with salted pork and such by the lady of the home.

Tuesday, August 31, 2010

A Major Effect of the Great Awakening

Explain what the Great Awakening was and explain how it, as an intensely religious movement, contributed to the development of the separation of Church and State in America.


 

The Great Awakening was a religious revival of enormous scale that occurred in the mid-18th century. This was the first "mass movement" of the American people, and a number of important ministers rose to prominence during this time period, including Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Both of these men attempted to sway their audiences into the fervent religious mentality of the previous generation, although Edwards was a well educated man with reasoned, thoughtful, vivid and at times, even frightening views of Calvinism, while Whitefield was simply an excellent orator who could move even Benjamin Franklin to tears. The Great Awakening did more than produce profuse amounts of prosperous and skilled preachers, however. In fact, this intensely religious movement actually contributed to the separation of Church and State in America. This happened for a number of reasons, most significant of which is that, because of the Great Awakening's emotional nature, religion became something more individual that people did not want the government to interfere with. In addition, the controversial nature of the Great Awakening caused a myriad of break offs and new sects to be formed; more than the government could reasonably control.

    Many Great Awakening preachers relied on vivid details and striking emotional appeals. This resulted in a shifting view of religion. Rather than adopt the fervor of their parents, many younger Americans chose to express their beliefs differently: at George Whitefield's revivals, sinners rolled around on the ground and proclaimed their conversion in many emotionally fueled religious ceremonies. Much of the previous generation had seen the Church as a group of only the "elect", God's chosen people. Religion was dry and methodical: you were either saved or you weren't. The new ideas that the Great Awakening brought forth suggested that a man might be able to save himself, and that it was beneficial for sinners to repent, while "old-time religion" might have accepted what they saw as "sinners" as already damned. The Great Awakening imbued American religion with a sense of hope and individuality. People came to believe that conversion was an internal experience unique to each person, and the government, they reasoned, had no place meddling in the singular religious experience that belonged to each person. Thus the Great Awakening, which was inherently religious, changed the popular view of religion so that people felt the government had no place in religion, contributing to the eventual separation of the Church and the State in America.

Tuesday, August 10, 2010

America: The Picture(s)


To describe America, it's necessary to capture the American spirit. I chose two pictures that, I believe, do this. The first is on top. America is vast. It's huge, seemingly unconquerable. The picture above is deep, and looking out on it, there really is a sense of "purple mountain's majesty." The landscape could go on forever, and man could have never known what lies behind it. (Kindly ignore what I interpret to be a city behind the scenic trees. Where in America is there not a city marring the perfect landscape? We've gone too far with what picture 2 exemplifies, but I'm getting ahead of myself.)

The second picture, below, is an illustration of the American Ideal. The landscape looks infinite, but we, the American people, can conquer it for ourselves. America is all about carving out a good life for yourself and your children, working hard and overcoming difficulty. It's easy to forget that in air conditioned buildings, with microwave popcorn and instantaneous information and communication. America is about (or I wish it was about?) taking what you need, and leaving what you've found for the next generation, or group of pioneers of whatever variety, to take, carving out their lives with the sweat of their hands just as you did.

(props to Maria for the multiple pictures idea. ;))